News archives 12/07/2022 18 Pinterest 26

Khubilai immediately gathered like-minded people and in 1260 declared himself the Great Khan. The Mongolian nobility proclaimed the ruler of his younger brother Arig-Buku. Discord boiled up. When Khubilai succeeded in capturing his recalcitrant brother in 1264, who soon died in captivity, another pretender appeared - Ogedei's grandson, Kaidu, supported by relatives. Only in 1289 Khubilai managed to get rid of his competitors.

The residence of the Great Khan was first located in Kaiping-Shandu - the Upper Capital. Later, he ordered the construction of his "Great Capital" near Zhongdu, the stronghold of the Jin dynasty overthrown by the Mongols. The city was called Daidu, or Khan-balyk, later it became known as Beijing.

In 1271, Khubilai calls his state "Yuan", which means "new", "beginning". He wanted to convince the Chinese of the beginning of a qualitatively new period of his reign. Khubilai proclaims himself emperor - the son of heaven, restores many orders that previously existed in China.

During his long (1260-1294) reign, Khubilai did not disregard everything that happened in his native pastures and did not forget to add more and more new lands to his possessions. In 1279, all of China and Tibet were already subject to him, campaigns were undertaken in Burma, Cambodia, the Sunda Islands, and even Japan, which was twice saved by storms that destroyed almost the entire military squadron of the Mongols.

The Yuan troops could still win, but they did not have enough strength to consolidate what they had won with the sword. It was no longer the bathers of Genghis Khan, whose warlike spirit, courage and courage were the key to victory, that fought, but forced people. Only the fear of death at the hands of the Mongol commanders forced them to go into battle. Such an army could not be relied upon, and the Yuan emperors became hostages in the hands of the palace clique.

After the death of Khubilai, eight emperors were replaced on the Yuan throne, and not one lived to a ripe old age. The last was Toghon Temur, who ascended the throne as a 13-year-old boy and reigned for 36 years. Four years after his accession to the throne, an uprising broke out in China. Like a flame, it engulfed almost the entire country. To suppress it, extreme measures had to be taken. The reign of Togon-Temur ended in 1368. He had to flee to the Mongolian lands. There, in the vicinity of Dalai Lake, his devoted supporters, expelled from China, gathered. Two years later, the headquarters of Togon-Temur was defeated by the army of the Ming dynasty. Only his son Ayushridara managed to escape, who fled to Karakorum, where he was proclaimed the Great Mongol Khan under the name of Biliktu Khan. The battles of the Mongols with the Chinese took place with varying success: both did not have enough strength for a decisive victory. The truce concluded in 1374 was observed until the death of Biliktu Khan in 1378. Then the war flared up with renewed vigor, although Mongolia was torn apart by contradictions: in 12 years, 12 rulers were replaced there, who were put on the throne and overthrown by the Mongolian nobility. Trying to achieve personal independence, she entered into an alliance even with the Ming dynasty.

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